Mappings

In Solidity, the hashtable/hashmap/dictionary-comparable type used to store key-value pairs is called a mapping. mappings are a powerful tool with many uses, but they also have some unexpected limitations. They also aren't actually hash tables!

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Objectives

By the end of this lesson you should be able to:

• Construct a Map (dictionary) data type
• Recall that assignment of the Map data type is not as flexible as for other data types/in other languages
• Restrict function calls with the msg.sender global variable
• Recall that there is no collision protection in the EVM and why this is (probably) ok

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Mappings in Solidity vs. Hash Tables

On the surface, the mapping data type appears to be just another hash table implementation that stores pairs of any hashable type as a key, to any other type as a value. The difference is in implementation.

In a more traditional implementation, the data is stored in memory as an array, with a hash-to-index (hashmod) function used to determine which spot in the array to store a given value, based on the key. Sometimes, the hashmod function for two different keys results in the same index, causing a collision.

Collisions are resolved via additional solutions, such as linked list chaining; when the underlying array starts to get full, a bigger one is created, all the keys are re-hash-modded, and all the values moved over to the new array.

In the EVM, mappings do not have an array as the underlying data structure. Instead, the keccak256 hash of the key plus the storage slot for the mapping itself is used to determine which storage slot out of all 2**256 will be used for the value.

There is no collision-handling, for the same reason that makes wallets work at all - 2**256 is an unimaginably large number. One of the biggest numbers you might encounter regularly is the number of possible configurations for a shuffled deck of cards, which is:

80658175170943878571660636856403766975289505440883277824000000000000

Meanwhile, the number of variations of a keccak256 hash are:

115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935

Collisions are very unlikely.

As a result, there are a few special characteristics and limitations to keep in mind with the mapping data type:

• Mappings can only have a data location of storage
• They can't be used as parameters or returns of public functions
• They are not iterable and you cannot retrieve a list of keys
• All possible keys will return the default value, unless another value has been stored

Creating a Mapping

Create a contract called Mappings. In it, add a mapping from an address to a uint called favoriteNumbers.

Reveal code

contract Mappings {
    mapping (address => uint) favoriteNumbers;
}

Writing to the Mapping

Add a function called saveFavoriteNumber that takes an address and uint, then saves the uint in the mapping, with the address as the key.

Reveal code

function saveFavoriteNumber(address _address, uint _favorite) public {
    favoriteNumbers[_address] = _favorite;
}

Deploy and test it out. Does it work? Probably...

You don't have a way to read the data in favoriteNumber, but this problem is easy to correct. Similar to arrays, if you mark a mapping as public, the Solidity compiler will automatically create a getter for values in that mapping.

Update the declaration of favoriteNumbers and deploy to test again.

Utilizing msg.sender

Another issue with this contract is that a public function can be called by anyone and everyone with a wallet and funds to pay gas fees. As a result, anyone could go in after you and change your favorite number from lucky number 13 to anything, even 7!

That won't do at all!

Luckily, you can make use of a global variable called msg.sender to access the address of the wallet that sent the transaction. Use this to make it so that only the owner of an address can set their favorite number.

Reveal code

function saveFavoriteNumber(uint _favorite) public {
    favoriteNumbers[msg.sender] = _favorite;
}

Deploy and test again. Success!

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Retrieving All Favorite Numbers

One challenging limitation of the mapping data type is that it is not iterable - you cannot loop through and manipulate or return all values in the mapping.

At least not with any built-in features, but you can solve this on your own. A common practice in Solidity with this and similar problems is to use multiple variables or data types to store the right combination needed to address the issue.

Using a Helper Array

For this problem, you can use a helper array to store a list of all the keys present in favoriteNumbers. Simply add the array, and push new keys to it when saving a new favorite number.

Reveal code

contract Mappings {
    mapping (address => uint) public favoriteNumbers;
    address[] addressesOfFavs;

    function saveFavoriteNumber(uint _favorite) public {
        favoriteNumbers[msg.sender] = _favorite;
        // Imperfect solution, see below
        addressesOfFavs.push(msg.sender);
    }
}

To return all of the favorite numbers, you can then iterate through addressesOfFavs, look up that addresses' favorite number, add it to a return array, and then return the array when you're done.

Reveal code

function returnAllFavorites() public view returns (uint[] memory) {
    uint[] memory allFavorites = new uint[](addressesOfFavs.length);

    for(uint i = 0; i < allFavorites.length; i++) {
        allFavorites[i] = favoriteNumbers[addressesOfFavs[i]];
    }

    return allFavorites;
}

On the surface, this solution works, but there is a problem: What happens if a user updates their favorite number? Their address will end up in the list twice, resulting in a doubled entry in the return.

A solution here would be to check first if the address already has a number as a value in favoriteNumbers, and only push it to the array if not.

Reveal code

function saveFavoriteNumber(uint _favorite) public {
    if(favoriteNumbers[msg.sender] == 0) {
        addressesOfFavs.push(msg.sender);
    }
    favoriteNumbers[msg.sender] = _favorite;
}

You should end up with a contract similar to this:

Reveal code

pragma solidity 0.8.17;

contract Mappings {
    mapping (address => uint) public favoriteNumbers;
    address[] addressesOfFavs;

    function saveFavoriteNumber(uint _favorite) public {
        if(favoriteNumbers[msg.sender] == 0) {
            addressesOfFavs.push(msg.sender);
        }
        favoriteNumbers[msg.sender] = _favorite;
    }

    function returnAllFavorites() public view returns (uint[] memory) {
        uint[] memory allFavorites = new uint[](addressesOfFavs.length);

        for(uint i = 0; i < allFavorites.length; i++) {
            allFavorites[i] = favoriteNumbers[addressesOfFavs[i]];
        }

        return allFavorites;
    }
}

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Conclusion

In this lesson, you've learned how to use the mapping data type to store key-value pairs in Solidity. You've also explored one strategy for solving some of the limitations found in the mapping type when compared to similar types in other languages.

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